![]() The range in the emissions and in the average emissions intensity reflects the different allocation methods for the by-product hydrogen production in refineries.ĭedicated hydrogen production today is primarily based on fossil fuel technologies, with around a sixth of the global hydrogen supply coming from “by-product” hydrogen, mainly in the petrochemical industry. In the NZE Scenario the average emissions intensity of hydrogen production drops from the range of 12-13.5 kg CO 2-eq/kg H2 in 2022 to 6-7.5 kg CO 2-eq/kg H2 in 2030.ġ. Current production of hydrogen for these applications emits 1 100-1 300 Mt CO 2 equivalent 1 (including upstream and midstream emissions from fossil fuel supply). ![]() Replacing unabated fossil fuel-based hydrogen with low-emission hydrogen in existing applications (namely refining and industry sectors) is a short-term priority given that it presents relatively low technical challenges as it is a like-for-like substitution rather than a fuel switch. Hydrogen's total contribution is also larger in the longer term as hydrogen-based technologies mature. However, hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels can play an important role in sectors where emissions are hard to abate and other mitigation measures may not be available or would be difficult to implement, namely heavy industry, long-distance transport, shipping and aviation. In the NZE Scenario, the use of low-emission hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels lead to modest reductions in CO 2 emissions in 2030 compared to other key mitigation measures, such as the deployment of renewables, direct electrification and behavioural change. Namibia released in November 2022 its Green Hydrogen and Derivatives Strategy, joining South Africa as the only sub-Saharan countries that have adopted a hydrogen strategy.The United States announced in August 2022 important incentives for the production of clean hydrogen under the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA).The first Electrolytic Allocation Round to support projects to produce hydrogen using electrolysis was launched, with the aim of awarding contracts by the end of 2023. The United Kingdom released in July 2022 its Low-Carbon Hydrogen Standard and in February 2023 launched a consultation for a certification scheme.India approved in January 2023 the National Green Hydrogen Mission with the aim of producing 5 Mt of renewable hydrogen by 2030 and of becoming a leading manufacturer of electrolysers.The European Union adopted two delegated acts in February 2023 with rules to define renewable hydrogen, approved funding for the first two waves of hydrogen-related Important Projects of Common European Interest in 2022 and announced the first auctions of the European Hydrogen Bank for the end of 2023.China leads on electrolyser capacity additions, with a cumulated capacity of almost 220 MW in 2022 and 750 MW under construction expected to be online this year.To get on track with the NZE Scenario, accelerated policy action is required on creating demand for low-emission hydrogen and unlocking investment that can accelerate production scale-up and deployment of infrastructure. But the delays in the implementation of these policies and the lack of policies for demand creation are preventing the scale-up of low-emission hydrogen production and use. A growing number of countries are releasing national strategies and adopting concrete policies to support first movers. Novel applications in heavy industry and long-distance transport account for less than 0.1% of hydrogen demand, whereas they account for one-third of global hydrogen demand by 2030 in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario. On the demand side, hydrogen demand keeps growing, but remains concentrated in traditional applications. The announcements for new projects for the production of low-emission hydrogen keep growing, but only 5% have taken firm investment decisions due to uncertainties around the future evolution of demand, the lack of clarity about certification and regulation and the lack of infrastructure available to deliver hydrogen to end users. Hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels can play an important role in the decarbonisation of sectors where emissions are hard to abate and alternative solutions are either unavailable or difficult to implement, such as heavy industry and long-distance transport.
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